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Bamboo Fibre Reinforced Biocomposites a Review Hps Abdul Khalil

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Bamboo Based Biocomposites Material, Design and Applications

Submitted: May 30th, 2012 Reviewed: February 4th, 2013 Published: June 10th, 2013

DOI: 10.5772/56057

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1. Introduction

Bamboo or Bambusa in botanical has 7-x subfamilies of genres and there are 1575 difference species ranging from the blazon of woods to bamboo herb. Still, each particular species of bamboo has different properties and qualities [1]. Bamboo is hands accessible globally, 64% of bamboo plantation, as can be seen in Figure 1, originated from Southeast Asia, 33% grown in South America, and the residual comes from Africa and Oceania [2]. Bamboo productions dated dorsum to thousands of years ago and thus they are rich with traditional elements. Bamboo naturally, suitable for varieties of uses and benefits. Bamboo oft used as materials for constructions or used as the raw materials for the production of newspaper sail, they are also used to control erosion and also for embellishments. Therefore, bamboo plant is sometimes regarded by some people as having positive features towards life such as properity, peace and mercy [3]. Recently, issues relating to environmental threatened the life cycle of the environment globally due to the countries using diverse types of materials that are not biodegradable by industrial sectors globally. It has becoming a serious matter since information technology is closely related to the Product Lifecycle Phase resulted from extraction or deposition of waste materials that are not tending properly [4-5]. Increment of logging activities for variety of purposes has resulted to the declining of absorbtion of carbon dioxide emission by the wood of which large amount of CO₂ are released into the atmosphere trapping the heat withing the atmosphere (greenish firm effect) and causing the global warming.

Bamboo as the dandy potential to be used as solid woods substitute materials, especially in the manufacturing, pattern, and construction usage. Bamboo properties of beingness calorie-free-weight and high-strength has attracted researchers to investigate and explore, especially in the field of bio-composite bamboo and is acknowledged as 1 of the green-technology that is fully responsible for eco-products on the environment [six]. Agricultural biomass solid wood made from bamboo have been identified by many researchers as the largest source of natural fiber and cellulose fibre biocomposite, which are provided at minimal cost and will bring a new evolution into production chain and manufacturing world [vii]. Bamboo uniqueness are recognized as the source of raw materials that can be processed and shaped into the grade of a number of commodities such as veneer, strips, lemon grass and fibre, and also it gives a new dimension, especially in terms of its value of diversity in the production of bio-composite products. Advancement in science and engineering science, has led the materials used in manufacturing industries using raw materials from agricultural biomass to replace the utilise of solid forest and other non-biodegradable materials to better manufacturing productivity and availability. High elasticity and strength of bamboo are suitable for the construction industry, and bamboo has proven to serve as a foundation structure [eight-9]. The creation of bio-composite fibre board is as well used in wall construction and are potentially to contribute of making toll constructive abode possible. Utilize of bio-composite material is seen increasingly high and the use bamboo as an culling can be seen in productions such as article of furniture, automotive and other related productions. The natural colours of bamboo is unique compared to solid woods and other materials. In fact, the issue of the texture and tie on the outer skin of bamboo has the exotic value and at the same time creates a unique identity in the blueprint, particularly furniture.

Figure i.

Bamboo plantations in China [10].

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2. Bamboo biocomposites

2.1. Classification and development of biocomposites

The long-term global impact of furniture production has forced researchers to find solutions to various problems via inquiry and development [xi], and this search has given birth to the thought of using bamboo based biocomposite materials. The bamboo based biocomposite manufacture is of import for improving both the quality of manufacturing and production too as enquiry and development [12-fourteen]. Examples of some of the biocomposite materials that have proven their quality on the international marketplace are medium density fiberboard, plywood and bamboo veneer each of which have been widely used in manufacturing furniture and other products. Distinctive properties of bamboo fiber reinforced biocomposite natural increase and flexural tensile strength, ductility and greater resistance to peachy and larger than a better impact strength and toughness of the composite [15]. All these backdrop are not attainable in other types of wood-based materials.

2.two. Conventional biocomposites

  • Chipboard and Flakeboard

Bamboo chipboard is formed of bamboo shavings as elementary units, which are dried, mixed with certain amount of agglutinative and waterproof amanuensis, spread, shaped and hot-pressed at a proper temperature with proper pressure. Shavings are made of small-sized bamboo culm and bamboo wastes. Equally negative furnishings of green and yellow affair on adhesion are weakened later on shaving, the adhering quality of bamboo chipboard is high. The supply of raw material for making bamboo chipboard is abundant and its production is an effective mode to raise utilization ratio of bamboo resource, as tin can be seen in Figure ii. Bamboo chipboard is produced using water-soluble phenol resin, such a production has higher water tolerance, higher modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity, and lower moisture expansion in thickness (compared with wood chipboard). Bamboo chipboard tin can exist used equally a kind of material for engineering construction. At present, information technology is mainly used for making ordinary concrete forms.

For the sake of improving utilization ratio of bamboo resource the stems of small diameter and of less known species, stalk tops and all bamboo processing residual are used to make bamboo chipboard. The manufacturing process is designed following the technology of woods particleboard; rolling, cutting, chipping, re-drying, gluing, spreading and hot-pressing. The supply of raw material for making bamboo chipboard is abundant. All small bamboo stems of less known species and balance of bamboo cutting on groove country can exist used for production. The utilization ratio of raw textile for chipboard production is high, from 1.3 ton of raw material 1 grandthree of chipboard can exist produced [16]. The technology and equipment for bamboo chipboard production are similar to those of wood particleboard. It is recommended to develop bamboo chipboard for improving the utilization ratio of raw cloth and the economic functioning of enterprise. Bamboo chipboard manufactured with phenol formaldehyde resin is of insufficiently high force and MOE, low expansion rate of water absorbing. In case of demand the products tin exist strengthened past calculation bamboo drape or bamboo mat to the surface. Such products have broad prospect.

Figure 2.

Bamboo flakeboard made from bamboo flake

  • Plywood and Laminated

Plywood has been introduced in its application in 1865, since the plywood manufacturing sector began to quickly developing era, focusing on making buildings and making the walls of the start shipping using plywood [17]. Instead of plywood, plybamboo is now being used for wall paneling, floor tiles; bamboo pulp for paper making, briquettes for fuel [xviii]. Plybamboo is a special category in the wide variety of bamboo-based panels. Figure 3 shows plybamboo produced from layered of bamboo veneers with certain desired thickness. Thick strips have college rigidity; they tin hardly be deformed to fill the bare space betwixt strips fifty-fifty under high pressure therefore leads to the germination of lower the Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and adhering strength. Previously, wood is used to make bottom boards over a long period of fourth dimension. However, plybamboo was now identified new alternative of make lesser boards. This is because plybamboo is a high quality and have corking length which meets following requirements viz depression weight, high rigidity, proper friction coefficient (to keep cargo and passengers from sliding) and doesn't rust. Besides, the manufacturing procedure of plybamboo was found is less laborious and consumes fewer adhesive than other types of composites. The force, habiliment power and rigidity of plybamboo are higher than those of ordinary plywood, thus, plybamboo has a wide prospect in automotive, building industries and engineering construction as well [19].

Due to bamboo'southward natural hollow tube shape, it is not possible to connect bamboo members with existing standard connections. As a result, information technology has been of interest to make bamboo available in shapes more suitable to current structural applications. This interest led to the development of Laminated Bamboo Lumber (LBL), which is commonly produced every bit a board of rectangular cross-department [20]. Generally speaking, LBL is produced by flattening bamboo culms and gluing them in stacks to grade a laminated composite. The aiming of this enquiry is to examine a new depression-engineering approach for the fabrication of LBL in an endeavour to assess the feasibility of using this approach to produce an LBL product that is suitable for utilise in structural applications. Mechanical properties of bamboo based laminates need to be investigated thoroughly and so that the full potential of bamboo as a functionally graded composite could be utilized. This publication reports the mechanical backdrop evaluation of 5-layered bamboo epoxy laminates [21]. Therefore, the purpose of the present research was to manufacture 5 types of laminated bamboo flooring (LBF) fabricated from moso bamboo (P. edulis) laminae and investigate their physical (dimensional stability) and mechanical properties (bending properties) by ultrasonic moving ridge techniques and a static angle method [22].

Figure iii.

Plybamboo from bamboo veneer

  • Medium Density Fibreboard

Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) is a dry-formed panel product of lignocellulosic cobweb mixture of certain synthetic resin such every bit urea formaldehyde resin (UF), phenol formaldehyde resin (PF) or isocyanate binder [23]. MDF was used commercially in 1970 with the advancement of technologies and materials at that time. Withal, MDF belongs to the type of forest that is not durable and do not crave a very high resistance such equally tables, rack, storage and others. In a certain period of time, the MDF can change shape, especially when exposed to water and the weight is also heavy. Presently, the majority of MDF producers in Malaysia are using RW as their major raw material. In order to detect culling of woods due to the arising illegal logging, renewable sources; bamboo fibres is used to produce agro-based MDF. Since bamboo itself has 1250 species, hence each bamboo fibres used in manufacturing MDF is expected not the same. Until now, researchers still in the middle of trying new species of bamboo for examples bamboo Phyllostachys pubescens [24-25] and Dendrocalamus asper [26] in producing MDF .

Extensive and ongoing inquiry of MDF exhibited with the manufacturing overlaid bamboo fibres board panels using stylus method [27]. This research quantifies the surface roughness of the panel to have better overlaying of the substrate [28] was aiming to evaluate the influence of fibre morphology, slenderness ratios and fibres mixing combinations on the mechanical and physical backdrop of agro-based MDF using bamboo and bagasse fibres, every bit shown in Effigy iv. It was observed that bamboo fibres had better mechanical performances and were more than slender fibres in comparing with bagasse fibres. It appears that manufacturing MDF from bamboo which is non-wood species would provide assisting and marketable panel products in Thailand. Therefore, such panels are not only environmentally friendly only also alternative ways convert under-utilized species into substrate panel products for article of furniture industry.

Figure 4.

Bamboo Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) from bamboo fibre.

  • Hybrid Biocomposite

The incorporation of several different types of fibres into a single matrix has led to the development of hybrid biocomposites. Recently, bamboo fibres was also gaining attention to be hybridized with more than corrosion-resistant synthetic fibres (drinking glass, carbon or aramid fibres) in guild to tailor the composites properties according to the desired structure under consideration. Since synthetic fibres degrade at a much slower rate or does not dethrone at all, inclusion with natural fibres may lead to light-green environmental balances with improvement in performances. Hybrid bamboo-glass fibres composites exhibit enhancement in terms of stiffness, strength and moisture resistance properties. Meanwhile, durability of bamboo-drinking glass fibres composites nether environmental aging was improved compared to pure composites [29-30]. Adequacy of bamboo to produce seven types of shapes encompasses argent, stripes, laths, veneer, particles, strands until bamboo fibres gives a huge affect in creating valuable hybrid biocomposites based on bamboo itself for diverse applications. In India, continuous ongoing research generates new hybrid bamboo mat veneer composites (BMVC) fabricated from bamboo mats in combination with wood veneer [31]. In BMVC, wood veneer was placed in between bamboo mat. Results revealed presence of woven bamboo mats, BMVC has different mechanical properties along and across the length of the board thereby the properties are comparable to the plywood structure. Instead of bamboo mat, hybridization of bamboo curtain and bamboo mat with forest veneer was limited panels fabricated in China for mainly used in rail coaches. Bamboo mat were also further utilized and commercialized by comprise with bamboo particleboard for other applications, as tin be seen in Figure 5.

Also, new hybrid biocomposites product mades from bamboo strips and wood veneer bonded with PF resin were besides developed. A symmetrical construction with flat and smooth surface results from the combination between bamboo strips, bamboo particle and woods veneer plays important function as new material used for concrete formwork and side board of trucks. On the other hand, hybridization between bamboo and other natural fibres were too go a new approach in bamboo evolution progress. For example, as shown in Effigy 6, bamboo rod was stack together with OPF fibres, coconut veneer and bamboo stripe as shown in Figure vii, respectively in gild to produce high performances composites and gives diversity in design and applications as well.

Figure five.

Crushed bamboo stripes laminated with empty fruit fiber.

Figure 6.

Samples of hybrid biocomposites board. Oil palm fiber laminated with bamboo rod.

Effigy 7.

Coconut veneer laminated with bamboo stripe.

two.3. Advanced Polymer Biocomposite

  • Thermoplastic Based Bamboo Composites

The near mutual reinforcement of bamboo fibres used today is thermoplastic polypropylene matrices [thirty]. Apart from various types of bamboo form, bamboo strips have higher cohesive strength than extacted bamboo fibres. For this reason, bamboo strips was reinforced with non-woven polypropylene aiming to produce ultra-light weight unconsolidated composites [32]. Not-woven spider web permit us to reinforced materials in their native grade [half dozen-eight] and utilize the unique backdrop of the reinforcing materials. It was found, bamboo strips-polypropylene (BS-PP) composites has better properties including loftier flexural, loftier acoustical properties and skilful sound dampening that makes them suitable and ideal raw material to supercede fibres glass currently used for automotive headliner substrates. Several components can be manufactured using biocomposites such as door insert, trunk liners, colonnade trims, parcel shelves and load floors for automotive and field roofing, walling and profiling for building, every bit can be seen in Figure eight. Some research articles studied the effect of bamboo charcoal addition in the polyolefin thermoplastic polymer [33]. Bamboo charcoal has innumerable pores in its structure making it an excellent medium for preventing static electricity buildup and absorbing volatile chemicals. Taking into consideration these two advantages, bamboo charcoal was called as promising material to enhance the water absorption and electrical conductivity of the polyolefin. In another interesting report, bamboo fibres were undergoing autohydrolysis processing as method for obtaining soluble hemicelluloses-derived products reinforced with polylactic acid (PLA). This composite was made with spent autohydrolysis solids presented a markedly reduced water uptake. SEM of reinforced samples showed a satisfactory compatibility between phases, confirming the potential of composites made up of PLA and bamboo fibres as an ecology friendly alternative to conventional petrochemical thermoplastics.

Figure viii.

Profiling (a) and roof (b) made from bamboo composites reinforcement thermoplastic.

  • Thermoset Based Bamboo Biocomposites

Potential and involvement of bamboo used in thermoset composites as expected has the aforementioned tendency every bit thermoplastic composites. Previous research studied furnishings of bamboo fibres reinforced polyester matrix towards diverse testings for instance tensile and flexural properties [34], dielectric properties [35] and fracture properties [36]. Besides, influence of moisture absorption during storage and composites manufacture of bamboo fibres reinforced vinyl ester was studied past [37]. In another interesting research, bamboo fibres reinforced epoxy composites was subjected to vesture and frictional environs in order to attain widespread acceptance to be used in many applications [38]. It was claimed that, wear volume was superior when the fibres was orientated anti-parallel to the sliding conterface [39]. In some other view, bamboo strips epoxy composites was plant to be interesting materials to be applied in marine sector worldwide, [40] have produced bamboo gunkhole hull using vacuum bagging and compression moulding process. Figure 9 shows later undergoing several test, this products was confirmed exhibit excellent mechanical properties including textile ageing and resist to the marine environs. Exploitation of bamboo epoxy composites was farther applied in manufacturing surfboards. Decks of bamboo surfboards are upwards to 4 layers of bamboo/epoxy laminate in howdy-stress areas over a sixty psi medium density foam. Results indicated bamboo decks tend to not dent from normal utilise unlike drinking glass boards.

Figure nine.

Manufacturing process of bamboo boat hull for water sports activities [40].

  • Elastomer Based Biocomposites

Exponential uses of bamboo fibres were expanding into elastomer composites area as new viable alternative filler reinforcement. Short fibres are used in rubber chemical compound due to the considerable processing advantages, improvement in certain mechanical properties and to economic consideration. Add-on of short bamboo fibres into elastomer polymer matrix peculiarly natural rubber (polyisoprene) promising swell mechanical performances of composites manufactured [41-42]. Information technology was institute, bonding amanuensis (silane, phenol formaldehyde and hexamethylenetetramine) plays an important office to obtain good adhesion between fibres and rubber. Results revealed composites backdrop for instances, hysteresis, fatigue strength, modulus, elongation at failure, pitter-patter resistance over particulate filled rubber, hardness, cut, tear and puncture resistance were enhanced. The newest report shows the extraction of cellulose nanowhiskers from bamboo fiber waste were use every bit a reinforcing stage in natural condom matrix in producing bio-green nanocomposites [43]. The most splendid starting cloth for product of nanowhiskers is residue from paper production (bleached pulp fibres). In this report, the processing of cellulose nanocomposites was done via a latex based principal batch grooming followed by mill-compounding. It was found to exist a feasible route to produce rubber based nanocomposites, which tin can potentially be scaled-up to a commercial scale procedure.

Applications of elastomer composites included tires, gloves, Five belts, hoses and complex shaped mechanical goods. As for tires manufactured, Carbon black has been extensively used for obtaining improved initial modulus and durability [44]. Carbon black mainly used as a reinforcing filler in tires starting from 20th century produced a ten-fold increment in the service life of tires. Apart from various types of natural fibres, bamboo also can be burned in furnace for certain temperature and heat to be synthesized into carbon black formed [45]. Since then, carbon black has remained established the major reinforcing material for use in tires likewise as other rubber products. Generally, incorporation of carbon-black comprises about ~30% of nearly rubber compounds. As people playing more and more attention to ecology protection, therefore utilization of various natural fibres particularly bamboo as filler as replacement of burned fossil fuels in natural safety polymer matrix creates greener tires produced, as shows in Figure 10. In add-on, physical and mechanical properties of tires manufactured were enhanced with very satisfactory levels in terms of abrasion resistance and improved a lot of resistance to tread. Thus, exploitation of bamboo was no incertitude creates comeback in evolution of elastomer biocomposites.

Figure 10.

Green tire fabricated from bamboo carbon black.

2.4. Inorganic based biocomposites

Inorganic bonded plays important role in the construction industry. Generally, inorganic bonded composites can exist formed using three types of inorganic binders consists of gypsum, portland cement, and magnesia cement tin can exist applied for producing shingles, blocks and bricks. In this chop-chop developing world, there has been a clear trend toward investigate culling additions for the manufacture eco-efficient blended cement composites. To meet this satisfaction, utilization of lignocellulosic materials for instance bamboo and oil palm fronds remains an heady and innovative technology as cement replacement [46]. Figure 11 shows the bamboo cement-boards (BCB) were produced from bamboo flake types Bambusa Vulgaris from Malaysia. A bamboo-cement ratio of 1:2:75 and 2% aluminum sulfate solitary or in combination with sodium silicate was possible to produce a board which satisfied the force and dimensional stability requirements of international standards which can be used in a broad range of infrastructure construction applications.

Besides, gypsum bonded particleboards Brazilian giant bamboo ( guadua magna ) has been manufactured by Priscila C. de Araújo 2011 [47]. Results revealed, bamboo cement boards presented higher bending forcefulness and lower moisture content than bamboo gypsum boards. Despites, generally bamboo cement composites and bamboo gypsum composites have superior performances viz higher strength, proficient weathering resistant ability, good burn down resistant and sound insulating likewise as containing no constructed adhesives which will lead to free emission of formaldehyde and other noxious chemicals [48]. Apart from the bamboo construction itself, utilization of bamboo foliage ash as supplementary cementing fabric for the production of blended cements has been studied past Moises Frias et al 2012. This written report has generated the other new possibility in utilizing other side of bamboo construction which is a bamboo foliage in physical and cement industry. Cement and physical panels produced can exist used for a wide range of applications in the edifice, housing and other commercial/infrastructure projects for instance wall, partition, roof and pillar materials as well. Further, bamboo as construction materials using bamboo sticks every bit replacement of steel was studied by Khosrow Ghavami and Mahzuz [49-50].

Effigy 11.

Inorganic cement board made from inorganic carbon.

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3. Biocomposites equally potential textile in design

Since 1865, the utilise of agro-based biocomposite material in the manufacturing sector has been introduced and its use has increased consequent to the credence of positive users of blended materials [51]. This focusing on sustainable economic stability and protect the corresponding sustainable base resources and environment. Until at present, engineer and designers have been succeeded in convincing consumers towards the level of quality and durability of biocomposites material produced through the pattern. Biocomposites is made of two or more materials combined together to create a new and effective material in terms of quality and production procedure, based on references relating to the past problems. Activities hybridizing an element of progressive thinking to claiming basic human search for the truth behind the reason for whatever of the cloth itself [52]. In the process of biocomposites production, specific characteristics of each original textile can be increased or decreased to give the desired effect and this is the reason to why many materials tin be found developed through the procedure of biocomposites, for example, bamboo for product evolution [53-54]. In the era of scientific discipline and engineering science, the use of bamboo has increased its research and development (R&D) to exploit the advantages of bamboo every bit a fiber substitute other materials because of the advantages of bamboo are sustainable and renewable over time [vii, 55]. Many researchers believe that a combination of high-tech applications will be the future standard for the international manufacturing market place. Various companies involved in the composites industry began to grow bamboo and compete brings innovative ideas in producing bamboo products from bamboo bicomposites as composite deck, blended bamboo fence, bamboo composite deck tile, bamboo composite bins, bamboo deck accessories [16, 56]. The transformation through creativity and innovation are too on the run, especially in Asian countries such as Japan, Mainland china, India, Philippines, Thailand and Malaysia [57-58]. Southeast Asia, the tillage of the highest quality bamboo has gained attention from many parties, peculiarly the government and the firm of research [52, 59]. Accent on innovation is very important because it volition not only create jobs but to promote competitiveness [sixty-61]. Earlier the design process, the manufacturers able to motility to the highest level with the help of four aspects of design, quality, identity, and raw materials. Four aspects are interrelated with each other in the manufacturing industry. Therefore, the cooperation between researchers, engineers, designers and marketing necessary to ensure that products produced in the limelight from customer [62]. Failure of one of the four aspects of the products produced volition fail in the marketplace. In that location are some examples of products that failed in the market place not because of poor quality or less attractive pattern but use less material to come across customer needs [63-64]. In the 2d stage some product evaluation process volition be conducted to place the level of quality of the products and fulfill the quality standards [65].

Technical assistance, infrastructure improvements to the farm, mechanism and factory equipment in place which needed to develop a revolutionary product in the bamboo industry composite. Products such as biomass fuel pellets, particle board, and blended applications are designed with a combination of bamboo fiber to produce strong and durable forcefulness to the conventional wood, steel, and plastic [13]. The physical properties of bamboo are tapered, hollow, accept a node at varying distances, easily shaped and not perfectly round bamboo tin can be a major factor to be alternatives to other sources [16]. Physical holding makes bamboo is often chosen as the lead in the design of the building construction every bit to fit the shape of bent bamboo is not difficult. This is because bamboo can be used in both situations either light-green bamboo or stale bamboo, because bamboo has determined its shape volition remain for long without mindfully stretches [66-67]. Bamboo biocomposite ever idea to compete with the strength of steel as well as having the advantage of aesthetic value compared with other materials. Steel production requires the use of fossil fuels is loftier, therefore, emissions in the steel manufacturing industry increasingly apparent, studied to understand the mechanical behavior of bamboo reinforced concrete members and explain the differences in the structural properties of steel reinforced physical, reinforced physical and bamboo. In this chapter, several tests bamboo reinforced concrete beams and columns that run in the laboratory study. First-class enquiry to understand the mechanical of behavior bamboo reinforced concrete and explain the differences in the structural properties of steel reinforced concrete and bamboo has been proved by researchers [53]. Blended panels using natural fiber made from bamboo reinforced cement have nifty potential due to their better strength, dimensional stability and other characteristics compared to panels made from several plantation timbers [31].

Bamboo cobweb has an inner impact of natural color and texture is interesting, original, versatile, smooth surface, low cost and sustainable. An example of innovative bamboo research is the design of a Jump Chair based on the elements of swift motion, transforming bamboo's forcefulness and flexibility to produce a reaction from the pattern, a unique construction every bit the main feature of a complete biocomposite material designed by Anthony Marschak [68]. Nowadays, different designers from manufacture visitor compete each others to create something modern, fashionable, beautiful and outstanding product in the market used bamboo biocomposite. The use of bamboo as biocomposites in the design is usefull to create a better experience for the end user, giving more bonny design and allowing efficient manufacturing systems produced as an alternative. Biocomposite bamboo equally modern material is a different experiment and does not constraints to the limit of creative thinking [69]. Biocomposite marketplace acceptance of the use of bamboo in piece of furniture manufacturing, automotive, structure and interior decoration is condign in need and easily can be plant in international furniture fairs and interior design exhibitions every year [54, 69-lxx]. It is obvious that biocomposite bamboo material has the tendency to tackle resources-efficient challenges, creating most no waste when processed properly and at the same time increased the product market, while too promoting the use of sustainable materials [71-72].

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4. Commercial applications

In recent years, the use of bamboo has been enhanced to exploit bamboo as a renewable wood fiber. Evolution in theoretical and applied research on bamboo-based products has increased year by yr and expanded its utilise in almost all applications, especially in building, furniture, product, ship, packaging and others. Bamboo blended was accepted in the global market in applications replacing traditional wood interior and outside products [36]. This proved the strength of bamboo is institute ten times stronger than wood materials [73]. Diverse positive advantages found in composite products from bamboo as dimensional stability, longevity, weather resistant, high touch resistant, low maintenance, non-toxic, low flame spread, etc. [34]. Table one shows the innovative design and application of bamboo fiber biocomposites in various categories.

4.1. Construction applications

Wood has been used as a building material for thousands of years, otherwise the apply of bamboo as the main cloth in construction activities in Southeast Asia take taken place since the era of man civilization began to abound. Customs in the early on days to know about the benefits of found bamboo and consider the benefits of life [3]. The use of bamboo in structure design has long proven its excellence past building houses 1 hundred percent use of natural bamboo. Mechanical backdrop, immovability, suitability as a skillful absorber of heat and admission to source cloth made it famous and withal used until now [74-75]. This is evident based on the tensile strength required in the development of the bamboo span before the first globe war once more. The intermission bridge was beginning created using bamboo to cantankerous the river and business relations. At that time, the bamboo used classic exterior use only bamboo, which is four times as strong as the interior. Bamboo bridge was built in Republic of india, South America, while in Colombia, using a bamboo bridge and cable tension structure created by the tensile strength of up to iii,200 kg/cm2 using Guadua bamboo species [67]. Innovations in bamboo technology offering new opportunities for big-scale construction of this sustainable textile. From long-range beam cantankerous laminated laminated bamboo panel, joinery, bamboo has proven to exist rubber and durable for city buildings and homes and information technology proved to exist used in major cities around the world, from Europe to United States and Southeast Asia [76]. Many architects and designers convince bamboo as the about environmentally friendly in the globe. Scientific and technological progress have resulted in hybrid biocomposites from bamboo has the adequacy to produce various types of reinforced veneer that has a big impact, particularly for construction [6]. Many bamboo transformations were produced past scientists to improve the quality of the various aspects of bamboo, for example in People's republic of china, bamboo is used in the pattern of the roof with the tip covered with decorative tiles to protect from pelting h2o, add neatness and aesthetic value to the roof [iii]. Various techniques have been adult to produce a stiff roof support system. In the Philippines the roof part improved by using the separate bamboo roof and produce a soft surface to facilitate the flow of air and water in bamboo [77]. Roof architecture is nearly suitable as covering solutions at the time. Pattern prefabricated truss system has a frame will be covered with bamboo lath, lath and plaster to create a waterproof roof and tin last up to 15 years with regular maintenance.

The natural beauty of bamboo artful usage has led bamboo to exist widely showcased equally part of the collections globally. Bamboo has been widely accustomed to be more than but the fabric by the architects and designers but also tin can be used to decorate and embellish. Bamboo has the same technical performance comparable to the solid wood, physical, and steel simply release smaller carbon footprint [seven]. Considering of its eco-friendly holding, bamboo is oftentimes alternatively used as concrete reinforcement. Many studies have been conducted to determine the feasibility of using bamboo to reinforce physical with flat symmetric structure decisions and smooth surface from a combination of bamboo strips, bamboo and wood veneer particles play an important function as new material is used for concrete formwork [72]. New biocomposite hybrid product made of bamboo strips and forest veneer bonded with PF resin was adult equally a outcome of ongoing research. Prominent architects bamboo, a renowned architect Oscar Hidalgo comes from Chinchina, Colombia make bamboo as the main material in the construction work and thus make bamboo equally a symbol of art in every creation. Advantage and uniqueness of unusual bamboo plants, Oscar then has dedicated his whole life to bamboo research. Research on the structural integrity and aesthetic value in bamboo has brought Oscar to Asia, Costa rica, Brazil, and elsewhere to study this institute and build some experimental structure. He was the first to utilise a diversity of axle culma and uses a unique commodities arrangement as the introduction of physical in intends to create very strong joints for construction. All in all, Oscar recommend the use of bamboo in housing construction because many of the issues associated with bamboo can be reduced by creating laminated bamboo strips.

In 1942, Oscar has made a study of the utilize of bamboo laminates in ski pole was commissioned past the authorities of the The states (U.Due south.). At that time the bamboo laminate floor tile products applied with a very practiced quality for heavy floor traffic with soft strips of bamboo from remote culma and can exist used safely [67]. Bamboo also excelled equally a reinforcement of concrete tested considering many studies have been able to determine the possibility of using hybrid bamboo to reinforce concrete in the future [47, 78]. Nonetheless, ongoing research necessary to solve some other problems of resistance if the water in the bamboo because bamboo can intermission concrete durability when experiencing the procedure of expanding and and then shrinking.

4.2. Interior design applications

Bamboo biocomposites has excellent bear upon on creating interior design that has a commercial value of its own way. Biocomposite utilize in the production of various bamboo products for outside and interior which have a adept demand in the global market. Most users realize the greatness of this textile and support the efforts of sustainable for nature in everyday life. This is further enhanced by its excellence as an innovative material to get recognition from diverse quarters, proving that hybrid bamboo material tin can overcome other types of materials from various aspects such equally physical, mechanical and aesthetic [6]. Nowadays, various types of hybrid bamboo-based products have been produced, from the design of the ceiling, walls, floors, window frames, doors, stairs and up to the home decorative accessories. Bamboo can create special effects, as well equally using bamboo joinery tin can be aptitude or straightened by heating and clamping. Based on the previous research, a typical wall section created with bamboo stud where altitude is determined past the thickness of the bamboo boards which are used in the study [79].

For example, when a board of ane cm is used, the distance for each stud is 40cm. Bamboo boards are attached, and ii layers of plaster are used. Some other wall system utilizes the bamboo studs as described above, is past using pocket-size pieces of bamboo attached together with 1 1/ii-2" nails. And so, the attached bamboos are plastered with a mixture of dirt / straw outside the organization, this is known to be heavier than the previous example. The prefabricated nature of the bamboo wall console system which are pre-built on the ground leads to amend housing development [80]. Interior design most impact on the industry for interior decoration and architecture is Madrid Barajas International Airport, Spain also it has been recognized the earth every bit a Sustainable Building 2011 [81]. Richard Rogers, designer of the world's about prestigious airports that designs consist of 200,000 m2 ceiling board gently curved laminated bamboo, the bamboo manufacture'south biggest project in the world. International Airport was built using laminated bamboo laths from all walks of bamboo veneer. Richard Rogers has managed to apply the pattern procedure in yield designs with the utilize of materials and finishes that can create a unique rider experience, exciting and the atmosphere is peaceful and quiet. Although the simplicity of the concept of architectural features terminal, it still gives comfort to passengers. Therefore, interior blueprint use hybrid bamboo could be emulated by other designers in meeting the demands of the 21st century, so that the designs produced will be efficient, economical and functional.

Category Year Inventor/ Designer Design Name References Design
Furniture 2006 Anthony Marschak Bound Chair [68]
2009 Kenyon Yeh Jufuku Stoo [88]
Automotive 1999 Automotive Manufacturer (Audi, BMW, Peugeot, Volvo, etc.) Automotive Components (Fabric seats, flooring mats, dashboard, door panels, etc.) [xix, 86, 89]
2010 Kenneth Cobonpue & Albercht Birkner Pheonix Bamboo Concept Car [87, xc]
Interior Blueprint & Structure 2002 HPP Architects Parking Garage, Leipzig Zoo, Germany [76]
2005 Richard Rogers Barajas Madrid International Airport, Espana. [81]

Table i.

Innovative design and applications from bamboo cobweb biocomposites in various categories.

4.3. Furniture applications

The pattern is a mechanism to display an sensation of the importance of the needs and quality of life through artistic and innovative ways. Revenue awareness now, a lot of piece of furniture pattern in the market place focused on the continuity between electric current needs and environmental concerns to ensure the life cycle assessment as a result of production benefit. Bamboo materials importance to ecology sustainability supported by success in applying blueprint furniture designer to include design elements with ecology relationships to enhance the product in order to proceeds marketplace attention [82].Many countries have started to plant research and development-based furniture such as the Malaysian government established the agency Forest Research Plant Malaysia (FRIM) for more in-depth research to help the article of furniture manufacture because Malaysia is the largest exporter of furniture to more than 100 countries. The Chinese government also provides support and assistance to help establish Chinese Clan Ecomaterials materials scientists who research on how to design, produce, reuse, disposal and recycling of materials in an environmentally. Bamboo biocomposite proved by many researchers to have high benefits as an alternative material for the production of piece of furniture and other components. A variety of new furniture designs have been produced using smart materials is based on the proven quality furniture compare to solid woods cloth. High innovation in bamboo cobweb can improve the durability even bent and shaped materials such equally solid forest other [66]. Research and development in making advanced bio-based piece of furniture products around the world are able to produce continuous improvement in product innovation success. Initiatives to increase the employ of bio-composite value highly praised and encouraged for these materials to reduce environmental impact, improve innovation and advanced technology in the manufacturing process.

Bamboo besides has the characteristics of materials and textures are very useful for designers to create a unique design and original, it is imperative that users reacted positively [83]. Now, many examples related to bamboo article of furniture that can be used as an important consideration in choosing furniture bamboo [55]. In that location are several designs of amazing furniture use bamboo material simplicity, many piece of furniture designers show bamboo materials is not just resilient and pliable, just tremendously powerful internal and external. For example young designer Kenyon Yeh, a designer has produced designs stool named Jufuku from Japanese word means duplication or repetition. Stool Jufuku conspicuously emphasizes the best quality bamboo to produce designs without parts or fasteners, where each piece of bamboo on Jufuku Stool is made from a unmarried construction shape which is and so repeated to consummate each form of the object but the outcome is still beautiful in a simple, minimalist and attractive. The famous designers Anthony Marschak discovered the magic of bamboo while looking for ideas as versatile materials other than solid wood for his blueprint for Leap Chair. Spring Chair is produced from renewable resources has become a sustainable furniture and other luxury furniture comparable. Strength and flexibility of bamboo materials to create natural bending very important in the design and ergonomic nature [68]. Jump Chair bamboo bending technique: fabricated from i continuous sail, the surface of the first three curves are fabricated to suits the human being contour seats. Bamboo biocomposite manage to stand out as a versatile and able to provide a beautiful surface finish, elegant, unique construction and interesting links suited to whatever modern home. Dazzler can be seen in Spring Chair as the pioneer era of the ascent of modern bamboo.

four.iv. Automotive applications

Natural fiber has experienced rapid growth in the automotive market, especially in Europe and Southeast Asia. Biocomposite based innovation increasing every twelvemonth in the global inquiry loonshit because it promises a reasonable toll and performance compared to competing technologies. The first Industrial Revolution progress in transportation with the cosmos of steam-powered ships and aircraft engines. In 1930, a second industrial revolution is an of import era in the manufacture of machine compartment using fiber as an alternative to existing materials. Famous automobile inventor, Henry Ford also supports the use of materials from natural fibers get-go to bring progress in the era of automotive construction. European Union (European union) and the countries of Asia also supported by issuing guidelines in the global automotive manufacturing industry [84]. A study shows that depression cost natural fiber bamboo materials are highly potential to be used in automotive parts [84]. Guidelines made in 2006 ordered all automotive manufacturers to produce automotive plastic reinforced using natural fiber. In add-on, the European Union (European union) targeting 80% of the vehicle compartment must be reused or recycled and the amount should be increased past 2015 to be 95%. Through previous research has produced various components of the car which has been designed using natural fibers as the main component. Enquiry continues to generate new bamboo mat veneer blended hybrid (BMVC) where bamboo mate was used as the face and dorsum layers of wood veneer and the core layer. In addition, bamboo mat with wood veneer panels used in railroad train carriages. Natural fiber composites with thermoplastic and thermoset matrices have been widely used in the industry of door panels, rear seats, headliners, parcel trays, dashboards, and the interior of the automobile manufacturers' world [85]. This is supported by many researchers who accept proven quality and effectiveness of bamboo every bit an alternative material in the automotive manufacturing industry.

To make the strip used to laminate, soft bamboo for interior issued by plane, leaving the external hard drive to strip lamination. Natural fibers such equally bamboo offers benefits such as reduction in weight, cost, reliance on sources other materials, and has the advantage that can be recycled. Nonetheless, few studies on technical and mechanical material of bamboo fiber are still existence studied past scientists and engineers before getting the confidence to let large-scale manufacturing, especially to the outside of the car body. In the 21 century, bamboo fiber has become crucial for the evolution and blueprint (R & D) products [86]. Before bamboo has been used to build boats and zeppelins. In aeronautics research, the structure of the kite and early on aircraft were built using materials from bamboo fiber because it is lightweight and very stiff. The aircraft made entirely of bamboo were congenital in the Philippines, while the Chinese use in their aircraft during Globe State of war II [xl, 86]. In 2010, Kenneth Cobonpue designers from the Philippines and Albercht Birkner branded products from Deutschland managed to create a 'Phoenix', the showtime machine in the world is made of bamboo and natural fiber that tin can exist recycled [87]. Phoenix uniqueness is reflected in his designs fabricated using small bamboo stacked and tied neatly. Use bamboo turned into products with the quality of its own internal and external design makes the Phoenix has a loftier aesthetic value. Biodegradable materials challenge the notion meaty, durable materials in vehicle pattern. It looks at cheaper and ecological option replaces the beat out, on the other hand build and explore the relationship between engineering and nature in the bamboo concept automobile. In fact it can be used as laminated wood, with a bamboo laminate edge is much lighter in weight.

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5. Sustainable product and development of bamboo biocomposites

There has identified iii key areas that will be noticed in connection with products and sustainable development, environmental, economy and engineering is all that should ever requite priority in life, as shows in Figure 12. All levels volition impact specific, largely due to the materials involved in the unlike stages. This concept tin be described as a wise residual between the demands of order's increasing need for products, the preservation of woods health and diversity of fabric resource and benefits.

Figure 12.

3 elements to support the sustainable production.

five.one. Ecology capital

In improver to improving environmental quality through the development of a sustainable supply chain resources, and better towards reducing CO2 and almost zero net greenhouse gas emissions. From previous time, environmental bug is not loftier on the public agenda, merely it is an exciting challenge that can lead to new solutions through the blueprint and testify a wise economic choice. Solid forest production work has been in existence since the era Neolitic [91]. Artisans from many cultures have adult a technique to blueprint and mode this way many conventional furniture and rooted in human civilisation. In addition, problems such as a lack of textile resource and the population increases each year is the main reason why designers need to focus their attention on the development of new materials design from bamboo fiber as engineering science and marks the progress of evolution in style. Product evolution will help consumers to run across the potential of bamboo biocomposites products as part of our culture and heritage, and to enhance the status in our society [xvi]. From the results of studies carried out in Europe, it can be concluded that the bamboo cobweb reaches "CO2 neutral or better". All the same, the level is far more excellent if used in bamboo producing countries such as China and India to have a lot of bamboo material resources and ecosystem [92]. Bamboo has roots that spread underground in all directions; land turned into solid and protects the states from landslides and earthquakes by heavy rains. This means that the stand up of bamboo should be treated as common ground for the public customs. Economical trade marketplace incomes only concern about the cost of production, otherwise cost disposable products used completely disregarded. This is one of the main reasons why the serious problem of waste disposal and environmental disruption has been acquired recently.

5.2. Economical capital

Bamboo will be considered as 1 of the most useful resource to maintain sustainable economic development. Successful production development technical or physical demand is bereft. Factors such as reputation, mode products, trend, cost and other gene should too be taken into account when developing a sustainable production. An example of addressing this problem is for the commutation of ideas between the designers, engineers, socialists, scientists and marketing experts. Transformation of low-bear upon materials considering the textile is important. Renewable materials, nontoxic materials, and materials that can easily exist recycled all the smart option to shift the perception of beauty designer different reference frames. At the same time, a potential new market in the development of sustainable solutions volition exist increased globally [93]. The pattern, which is a practical action but also role of the culture and research, tin make a significant contribution not only to design products and services that require artistic customs, but also to the development of a more general transformation of the materials industry [94]. To realize sustainable economic development, we need to consider the costs associated with not simply the goods but also non-tradable goods such as environmental protection and natural resources. In the case of the total cost of producing bamboo bamboo including the cost of disposable copied and will be cheaper than making chemicals. In add-on to bamboo has a better variety of mechanical, anti-bacterial applications and industries that make it an excellent resources for sustainable economic evolution [95].

five.3. Technology

The history of engineering in keeping stride with the development of human culture since Paleolithic times. Through the events in the movement era of human civilization shows some engineering science is starting created slowly the bear upon of human knowledge about materials, scientific discipline and technology. Since the world is faced with many serious problems such every bit global warming, acrid rain, soil erosion, the fiscal crisis, extinction of flora and animal habitat and others, which these problems are acquired by human being behavior-oriented manufacturing profit that could be marketed. Global manufacturers rich with cognition of high technology need to consider a sustainable technology in each manufacturing procedure. Over the years, manufacturers already accept light-green applied science at several countries to support the environment. Light-green engineering is important because not only it can increase the profit, but to maintain the ecology, source materials and people will be able to relish a peaceful life until adjacent generations. In gild to develop a sustainable product, it is important to know the aspects of engineering. Sustainability issues accept recently get considerations when consumers cull to use green products in everyday life. In other words, the materials and design are very needed as an intermediary with the user in maintaining the quality of life and maintain as it reflects our cultural values [96]. Therefore, other materials needed as an alternative to meet these needs [84]. Therefore, the introduction of new applied science in the sciences material is needed to maintain the momentum of the global manufacturing marketplace.

Today, near people recognize that solid wood resources are limited and the progressive consideration must be given to the processing of biomass. Manufacturers need to modify the manufacturing process of current technology to build a sustainable world and a stiff economy [93]. To be a sustainable ecological community, the values of life we accept to modify along with the way of life that we see the product from different reference frames. Since bamboo provides a number of specific characteristics, information technology becomes a typical instance to make our communities sustainable and rich thru technology.

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6. Conclusion

From this affiliate, it is concluded that the new development in innovation bamboo biocomposites from the natural cobweb need to exist more highlighted. The biodegradability and recyclability of design based material could be the critical problem in the adjacent decade. In improver to the increment of population, the regulation forced manufacturer to use natural fiber in further products. Low price, environmentally friendly, accessible and easy production of natural fiber composite are attractive benefits for pattern development and applications. A collaboration between scientist and designer is important to archive the quality materials, produce skillful design and has implications not but for the companies but also for consumers and the society.

Good design combines the capabilities of a balanced arroyo in terms of textile, commercial design, environs, technology, idealism, and humanitarian concerns will generate benefit product for Life Bike Assessment without the effect of the ecological system. In other hand, product value tin be increased with the use of a material and design that reduces simultaneously the environmental bear upon and price effective if manufacturers completely support new material mechanical properties and explore that accept the potential to see the requirements of a new future. The advantages of renewable bamboo fiber and biodegradable at the stop of the production cycle including safetyness during handling and processing, and as well as a resolution to the problem of resource reduction of other materials. The importance of awareness of the diversity of natural resources such as bamboo tin can generate new economical resources while protecting natural forests for future generations.

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Acknowledgments

The authors highly acknowledge and pay gratitude to the Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang for providing Enquiry University Individual (RUI) grant 1001/PTEKIND/811195 that made this piece of work possible.

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Written Past

S. Siti Suhaily, H.P.S. Abdul Khalil, W.O. Wan Nadirah and Yard. Jawaid

Submitted: May 30th, 2012 Reviewed: February 4th, 2013 Published: June tenth, 2013

© 2013 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This affiliate is distributed nether the terms of the Creative Eatables Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in whatsoever medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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